Saturday, 11 October 2014
MALALA - NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER 2014
NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER - MALALA
She said people did not
have to do anything extra for their daughters, "but don't clip their
wings...let them fly... and give them the same rights as your sons....give them
a chance to be a human being." When World Bank president Jim Yong Kim, a
physician by profession, asked her why she wanted to enter public life, Malala
replied, "Because a doctor can only help someone who has been shot. If I
become a politician, I can help make a tomorrow where there are no more cases
of people being shot."
Malala is a young girl and a student of
school who worked hard back in 2008 to 2012 when the Taliban was ruling her
region. She spoke openly about them and fight for getting the children and
girls' rights back. Actually, Taliban banned girls from going to school, and
she was a student at that time, thus her educational career also affected, so
she wrote a diary for BBC on this cruelty. That
diary was firstly published with a fake name "Gul Makai" and later on
when peace restored in Swat, she appeared to be the girl who wrote that diary,
she after that worked more openly for children rights in the region and in the
province of KPK as well in all over Pakistan.
Yousafzai was planning
to organize the Malala Education Foundation, which would help poor girls go to
school by 2012.
On 9 October 2012, when she
was coming back from her school to her home, there were 2 gun men who stopped
the bus in the way and one of them asked the other girls in the bus; "Who
is Malala among you?", and someone replied to them that Malala is this
one, and he opened fire on Malala, Malala was fired 2 times to confirm that she
has been killed. But its almost an amazing story that how Malala survived with
the help of doctors and with prayers of all people in the world.
Yousafzai was born on 12
July 1997 into a Sunni Muslim family of Pashtun ethnicity. She was given her first name Malala (meaning
"grief stricken") after Malalai of Maiwand, a
famous Pashtun poet and warrior woman from southern Afghanistan.Her last
name, Yousafzai, is that
of a large Pashtun tribal confederation that is predominant in Pakistan's Swat
Valley, where she grew up. At her house in Mingora, she lived with her two younger brothers, her parents,
and two pet chickens.
Yousafzai was educated
in large part by her father, Ziauddin Yousafzai, who is
a poet, school owner, and an educational activist himself, running a chain of
schools known as the Khushal Public School. She once stated to an
interviewer that she would like to become a doctor, though later her father
encouraged her to become a politician instead. Ziauddin referred to his
daughter as something entirely special, permitting her to stay up at night and
talk about politics after her two brothers had been sent to bed.
Yousafzai started
speaking about education rights as early as September 2008, when her father
took her to Peshawar to speak at the local press club. "How
dare the Taliban take away my basic right to education?" Yousafzai asked
her audience in a speech covered by newspapers and television channels
throughout the region.
On 3 January 2009,
Yousafzai's first entry was posted to the BBC Urdu blog. She would hand-write
notes and then pass them on to a reporter who would scan and e-mail them.The
blog records Yousafzai's thoughts during the First Battle of Swat, as
military operations take place, fewer girls show up to school, and finally, her
school shuts down.
In Mingora, the Taliban
had set an edict that no girls could attend school after 15 January 2009. The
group had already blown up more than a hundred girls’ schools. The night before
the ban took effect was filled with the noise of artillery fire, waking
Yousafzai multiple times. The following day, Yousafzai also read for the first
time excerpts from her blog that had been published in a local newspaper.
Medical treatment
After the shooting,
Yousafzai was airlifted to a military hospital in Peshawar, where doctors
were forced to begin operating after swelling developed in the left portion of
her brain, which had been damaged by the bullet when it passed through her head. After a
three-hour operation, doctors successfully removed the bullet, which had lodged
in her shoulder near her spinal cord. The day following the attack, doctors
performed a decompressive craniectomy, in which part of the skull is
removed to allow room for the brain to swell.
On 11 October 2012, a
panel of Pakistani and British doctors decided to move Yousafzai to the Armed
Forces Institute of Cardiology in Rawalpindi. Mumtaz Khan, a doctor,
said that she had a 70% chance of survival. Doctors reduced Yousafzai's
sedation on 13 October, and she moved all four limbs.
Offers to treat
Yousafzai came from around the world. On 15 October, Yousafzai travelled
to the United Kingdom for further treatment, approved by both her doctors and
family.
Yousafzai had come out
of her coma by 17 October 2012, was responding well to treatment, and was said
to have a good chance of fully recovering without any brain damage. Later
updates on 20 and 21 October stated that she was stable, but was still battling
an infection. By 8 November, she was photographed sitting up in bed.
On 3 January 2013,
Yousafzai was discharged from the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham to
continue her rehabilitation at her family's temporary home in the West
Midlands. She had a five-hour operation on 2 February to reconstruct her
skull and restore her hearing, and was reported in stable condition.
United Nations petition
On 15 October 2012, UN
Special Envoy for Global Education Gordon Brown, a former British Prime Minister, visited
Yousafzai while she was in the hospital, and launched a petition in her name
and "in support of what Malala fought for". Using the slogan
"I am Malala", the petition's main demand was that there be no
children left out of school by 2015, with the hope that "girls like Malala
everywhere will soon be going to school". Brown said he would hand
the petition to President Zardari in Islamabad in November.
The petition contains
three demands:
· We call on Pakistan to
agree to a plan to deliver education for every child.
· We call on all countries
to outlaw discrimination against girls.
· We call on international
organizations to ensure the world's 61 million out-of-school children are in
education by the end of 2015.
Malala Day
On 12 July 2013,
Yousafzai's 16th birthday, she spoke at the UN to call for worldwide access to
education. The UN dubbed the event "Malala Day".It was her first
public speech since the attack, leading the first ever Youth Takeover of
the UN, with an audience of over 500 young education advocates from around the
world.
"The terrorists
thought they would change my aims and stop my ambitions, but nothing changed in
my life except this: weakness, fear and hopelessness died. Strength, power and
courage was born ... I am not against anyone, neither am I here to speak in
terms of personal revenge against the Taliban or any other terrorist group. I'm
here to speak up for the right of education for every child. I want education
for the sons and daughters of the Taliban and all terrorists and extremists.
Awards and honours :
Yousafzai has been
awarded the following national and international honours:
· International Children's
Peace Prize nominee, 2011,National Youth Peace Prize, 2011,Sitara-e-Shujaat,
Pakistan's third-highest civilian bravery award, October 2012,Foreign Policy magazine top
100 global thinker, November 2012,Time magazine Person of the Year shortlist,
December 2012,Mother Teresa Memorial Award for
Social Justice, November 2012, Rome Prize for Peace and Humanitarian Action,
December 2012, Top Name of 2012 in Annual Survey of Global English, January
2013, Simone de Beauvoir Prize, January 2013, Nobel Peace
Prize nominee, March 2013, Doughty Street Advocacy award of Index on
Censorship, March 2013, Fred and Anne Jarvis Award of the UK National
Union of Teachers, March 2013[95], Vital Voices
Global Leadership Awards, Global Trailblazer, April 2013, One of Time's
"100 Most Influential People In The World", April 2013, Premi
International Catalunya Award of Catalonia, May 2013, Annual Award for
Development of the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
June 2013[International
Campaigner of the Year, 2013 Observer Ethical Awards, June 2013, Tipperary
International Peace Award, Ireland Tipperary Peace Convention, August 2013, International
Children’s Peace Prize, KidsRights, 2013, Portrait of Yousafzai by Jonathan
Yeo displayed at National Portrait Gallery, London, Ambassador
of Conscience Award from Amnesty International 2013 Clinton
Global Citizen Awards from Clinton Foundation, Harvard
Foundation’s Peter Gomes Humanitarian Award from Harvard University, 2013
Anna Politkovskaya Award – Reach All Women In War, 2013 Sakharov Prize for
Freedom of Thought – Awarded by the European Parliament
Friday, 10 October 2014
INDIA AT ASIAN GAMES 2014
INDIA AT ASIAN GAMES 2014
Day 10:
Gold by Sania-Saketh in mixed doubles: The second-seeded
Indian pair overwhelmed the top-seeded Chinese Taipei pair of Hao Ching Chan
and Hsien Yin Peng 6-4 6-3 in the summit clash in just 69 minutes.
Gold by Seema Punia in discus throw: Seema clinched the gold medal
with a best throw of 61.03m in the women's discus throw final at the Incheon
Asiad Main Stadium.
Silver by Bajrang in wrestling: Bajrang lost 1-3 to Massoud
Mahmoud in the finals to settle for a silver medal.
Silver by Sanam Singh and Myneni in tennis: Sanam and
Saketh lost the summit clash 5-7 6-7 (2) to Korea's Yongkyu Lim and Hyeon
Chung.
Bronze by OP Jaisha women's 1500m: OP Jaisha finished
third with a timing of four minutes 13.46 seconds in the women's 1500m event.
Bronze by Naveen Kumar in men's 3000m steeplechase: Naveen Kumar
won the bronze medal with a personal best timing of 8:40.39 secs.
Bronze by Narsingh Pancham Yadav in wrestling: Narsingh got the
better of Daisuke Shimada of Japan 3-1 in the men's 74kg division to finish
third on the podium.
Day 9:
Gold by Yogeshwar Dutt in wrestling: Ace Indian wrestler Yogeshwar
Dutt won India's fourth gold medal at Asian Games defeated Zalimkhan Yusupov of
Tajikistan.
Silver by Khushbir Kaur in women's 20km walk: Khushbir
clocked 1 hour and 33.07 seconds to take the second spot behind China's Lu
Xiuzhi (1:21.52), who took the lead right from the start, and ahead of Jeon
Yeonguen (1:33.18) who was overtaken by the Indian walker.
Bronze by Rajiv Arokia in men's 400m race: The Tamil
Nadu runner, who had won his semifinal heat yesterday, clocked a personal best
time of 45.92 (his previous best being 46.13) and held off Japan's Yuzo
Kanemaru's challenge for the bronze medal.
Bronze by M R Poovamma in women's 400m race: 24-year-old
Poovamma clocked 52.36secs in the final behind pre-race favourite Oluwakemi
Adekoya (51.59secs) of Bahrain and Vietnam's Thi Lan Quach (52.06secs) at the
Inchon Main Stadium
Bronze by Manju Bala in women's hammer throw: Manju Bala provided
India with another bronze medal when she finished third in the women's hammer
throw with a best heave of 60.47m which she did in her opening attempt.
Bronze by Yuki Bhambri in men's tennis singles: Yuki Bhambri
clinched India's lone singles medal in tennis after he settled for a bronze by
losing 6-3 2-6 1-6 to Japan's Yoshihito Nishioka in one hour and 46 minutes.
Bronze by men's doubles team in tennis: Divij Sharan and
Yuki Bhambri bagged a bronze medal after losing the men's doubles semifinals to
Yongkyu Lim and Hyeon Chung 6-7 (8) 7-6 (6) 9-11.
Bronze by women's doubles team in tennis: The Indian pair of
Sania Mirza and Prarthana Thombare settled for a bronze after losing their
women's doubles semifinal to Chinese Taipei's Chin Wei Chan and Su Wei Hsiehin
6-7 (1-7) 6-2 10-4 at the Yeorumul Tennis Courts.
Day 8:
Gold medal by men's squash team: Saurav Ghosal combined with
Harinder Pal Singh Sandhu to help India beat Malaysia 2-0 and win the men's
team gold medal, the first in squash in the continental games.
Gold medal by men's archery team: Young archer
Abhishek Verma became India's new hero as he combined with Rajat Chauhan and
Sandeep Kumar to clinch the gold medal in the compound team at the Gyeyang
Asiad Archery Field.
Silver by Abhishek Verma in archery: It was an eventful day for
Abhishek Verma as he won his second medal of the day, this time a silver in
men's individual shooting event.
Silver medal by women's squash team: India's women's squash team of
Dipika Pallikal, Anaka Alankamony and Joshana Chinappa clinched a silver medal.
Bronze by shooter Chain Singh in shooting: Chain Singh
won a bronze medal in 50m Rifle 3 Positions Men’s Finals. Singh shot a total of
441.7 points to finish behind two Chinese shooters — Cao Yifei and Zhu Qinan —
who bagged the first and second positions with 455.5 and 455.2 points to their
credit, respectively.
Bronze by Trisha Deb in archery: India's Trisha Deb defeated Chinese
Taipei's Jou Huang 138-134 in the women's compound archery individual event at
the Gyeyang Asiad Archery Field to win her second medal of the day, a bronze.
Bronze by Vinesh Phogat in wrestling: Vinesh won a bronze outclassing
Mongolia’s Narangerel Erdenesuk in the women's freestyle 48-kg category at the
Dowon Gymnasium. She had earlier lost to Japan’s Eri Tosaka in the semis.
Bronze by Geetika Jakhar in wrestling: Geetika Jakhar defeated
Vietnam’s Ly Thi Hien in the women’s freestyle 48-kg category. The 29-year-old
Indian wrestler had lost to China’s Xilou Zhuoma in the semifinals.
Bronze by Lalita Babbar in athletics: Lalita finished third in
women's 3,000m steeplechase even as Asian record holder Bahrain's Ruth Jebet
won the gold in what was a controversial race.
Bronze by women's compound team: India’s compound women’s team
clinched a bronze medal after beating Iran 224-217 in the archery competition.
India's team comprising Trisha Deb, Purvasha Shende and Surekha Jyothi, shot
224, while Sakineh Ghasempour, Maryam Ranjbarsari and Shabnam Sarlak of Iran
could amass a total of 217.
Day 7:
Silver by men's shooting team: Indian men's shooting team comprising
Pemba Tamang, Vijay Kumar and Gurpreet Singh won silver in the 25m Center
Pistol Fire event.
Bronze by Sandeep Sejwal in swimming: Sandeep Sejwal ended India's
poor run in swimming as he clinched a rare bronze medal in the 50m
breaststroke. The 25-year-old topped his heats by clocking 28.25s before
holding on to the third spot in the final race with a timing of 28.26s.
Day 6:
Bronze by Swarn Singh in single sculls: He clinched the
bronze medal in men's single sculls final at the 17th Asian Games. Singh needed
1 minute 43.86 seconds in the 500m, took 3 minutes and 30.25 seconds to
complete 1000m before the 1500m and 2000m race in 5 minutes 18.36 seconds and 7
minutes 10.65 seconds respectively at Chungju tangeumho on the sixth day of
competitions.
Bronze by men's rowing team: Indian rowers clinched the bronze
medal in the men's eight final event at the Chungju Tangeum Lake Rowing Center.
The Indian team comprising Kapil Sharma, Ranjit Singh, Bajrang Lal Thakhar,
Robin Ulahannan, Sawan Kumar Kalkal, Azad Mohammad, Maninder Singh, Davinder
Singh and Ahmed Mohammed took five minutes and 51.84 seconds to complete the
2,000 metre race.
Bronze by women's team in double trap event: The Indian shooting
team comprising Shagun Chowdhary, Shreyasi Singh and Varsha Varman bagged a
bronze in women's double trap event. The Indian women's team aggregated 279 to
finish on the podium behind China and hosts South Korea at the Gyeonggido Shooting
Range.
Day 5:
Bronze in rowing: Dushyant Chauhan settled for a bronze
in the men's lightweight single sculls at the 17th Asian Games.
Day 4:
Silver medal for Saurav Ghosal in Squash: Saurav Ghosal
lost to Abdullah Al Muzayen of Kuwait 2-3 in the men's singles final of the
squash event and had to settle for a silver medal, India's first in the
discipline at Asian Games, at the Yeorumul Squash Courts here Tuesday.
Bronze medal for Narender Grewal in Wushu: Narender
Grewal settled for the bronze medal after he lost his men's sanda (60kg) wushu
semi-final bout to Filipino Saclag Jean Claude in the 17th Asian Games at the
Ganghwa Dolmens Gymnasium, Tuesday.
Bronze medal for Sanathoi Devi in Wushu: Sanathoi Devi
settled for the bronze medal after she lost her semi-final bout to Chinese Luan
Zhang in wushu women's sanda (52kg) in the 17th Asian Games here on
Tuesday. The Indian lost 0-2 to the Chinese at the Ganghwa Dolmens
Gymnasium.
Team Bronze in shooting: Shooters bagged another medal
for India in the 17th Asian Games with the men's team winning the bronze in the
10 metre air rifle event at the Ongnyeon International Shooting Range here
Tuesday.
Bronze by Abhinav Bindra: Ace Indian shooter Abhinav
Bindra claimed his first Asian Games individual medal by winning the bronze in
the men's 10 metre air rifle event at the Ongnyeon International Shooting Range
on Tuesday.
Day 3:
Bronze medal by Dipika Pallikal in squash: Pallikal
settled for a bronze medal -- the first by an Indian woman squash player --
after losing to world number one Nicol David in the semifinals.
Bronze by women's team in shooting: India's women's pistol trio of
Rahi Sarnobat, Anisa Sayyed and Heena Sidhu claimed a bronze in the 25m team
event at the Ongnyeon International Range.
Day 2:
Bronze by men's team in shooting: The Indian men's team
comprising Jitu Rai, Samresh Jung and Prakash Nanjappa, won the bronze in the
men's 10m air pistol event at the Ongnyeon International Shooting Range.
Bronze by women's team in badminton: A fighting India went down to
hosts South Korea 1-3 in the women’s team badminton semifinals to settle for
their maiden bronze medal. While Saina Nehwal won the first match, PV Sindhu,
doubles pair of Pradnya Gadre-N Sikki Reddy and P C Thulasi lost the next
three. It was India’s first medal in badminton since the team bronze won by the
men in Seoul, 1986.
Day 1:
Gold by Jitu Rai in shooting: The 27-year-old showed steely
grit to get the better of a strong field, which included two-time Olympic
champion Jin Jongoh of South Korea, to snatch the gold off the final shot in a
straight duel with Vietnamese rival Nguyen Hoang Phuong. It was India's first
gold medal at Asian Games 2014.
Bronze by Shweta Chaudhry in shooting: Shweta secured the bronze medal
in the 10m range in air pistol with a total tally of 176.4 behind champion
Zhang Mengyuan of China (202.2) and runner-up Jung Jeehae of South Korea
(201.3). It was India's first medal at Asian Games 2014.
MAY BRITT MOSER- NOBEL PRIZE FOR MEDICINE - 2014
Professor May-Britt Moser and her husband Edvard Moser lead the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience (director and
co-director, respectively), as well as the Centre for the Biology of Memory at
the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Their research has provided
key insights into how spatial location and spatial memory are computed in the
brain. One of these insights has led to an immediate revision of
well-established views of how the brain calculates position and how the results
of these computations are used by memory networks in the hippocampus – an
insight that may ultimately benefit the development of tools for diagnostics
and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Edvard and May-Britt were born in Norway,
and attended the University of Oslo. Both are members of The Royal Norwegian
Society of Sciences and Letters, and The Norwegian Academy of Science and
Letters. They have also led the Kavli Institute since its establishment in
2007.
In this special interview, Edvard and
May-Britt Moser explain how spatial locations and memories interact in the
brain, how their own research began and has advanced, and the discovery of grid
cells in the entorhinal cortex, as well as look ahead at the potential impact
new insights may have for fighting
NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR INDIA-KAILASH SATYARTHI SHARES WITH MALALA
NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR INDIA – KAILASH SATYARTHI
SHARED WITH MALALA YOUSUFZAHI
Kailash Satyarthi (born on January 11, 1954) is a human rights
activist from India who has been at the forefront of the global
movement to end child slavery and exploitative child labor since 1980 when he
gave up a lucrative career as an Electrical Engineer for initiating crusade
against Child Servitude. As a grassroots activist, he has led the rescue of
over 78,500 child slaves and developed a successful model for their education
and rehabilitation. As a worldwide campaigner, he has been the architect of the
single largest civil society network for the most exploited children, the Global March
Against Child Labor,which is a worldwide coalition of NGOs,
Teachers' Union and Trade Unions.
Mr. Satyarthi is a member of a High Level Group formed by UNESCO on
Education for All comprising of select Presidents, Prime Ministers and UN
Agency Heads. As one of the rare civil society leaders he has addressed the
United Nations General Assembly, International Labour Conference, UN Human
Rights Commission, UNESCO, etc and has been invited to several Parliamentary
Hearings and Committees in USA, Germany and UK in the recent past.
He has survived numerous attacks on his life during his crusade to end
child labour, the most recent being the attack on him and his colleagues while
rescuing child slaves from garment sweatshops in Delhi on 17 March 2011.
Earlier in 2004 while rescuing children from the clutches of a local circus
mafia and the owner of Great Roman Circus, Mr. Satyarthi and his colleagues
were brutally attacked. Despite of these attacks and his office being ransacked
by anti social elements a number of times in the past his commitment to stand
tall for the cause of child slaves has been unwavering.
He has been honoured by the Former US President Bill Clinton in
Washington for featuring in Kerry Kennedy's Book ‘Speak Truth to Power', where
his life and work featured among the top 50 human rights defenders in the world
including Nobel Laureates Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Elie Wessel, His Holiness
the Dalai Lama, etc.
He has edited magazines like ‘Sangarsh Jari Rahega', ‘Kranti Dharmi',
and ‘ Asian Workers Solidarity Link'. Besides, authored several articles and
booklets on issues of social concern and human rights.
He has set up three rehabilitation-cum-educational centres for freed
bonded children that resulted in the transformation of victims of child
servitude into leaders and liberators.
His life and work has been explicitly covered in hundreds of programmes
on all the prominent television and radio channels including Wall Street
Journal, BBC, CNN, ABC, NHK, Japan Broadcasting Corporation, Canadian T.V.,
ARD, Austrian News, Lok Sabha TV etc. and profoundly featured in several
magazines like The Time, Life, Reader's Digest, Far Eastern Economist,
Washington Post, New York Times, Times London, Los Angeles Times, Guardian,
Independent, The Times of India, etc.
In addition, to the Global March
Against Child Labor, other organizations he has founded and/or led
include Bachpan Bachao
Andolan, the Global Campaign
for Education, and the Rugmark Foundation now
known as Goodweave. He is the Chair of another
world body International
Center on Child Labor and Education (ICCLE) in Washington, D.C.
ICCLE is one of the foremost policy institution to bring authentic and abiding
southern grassroots perspective in the US policy domain.
"The Global March Against Child Labour is a movement to mobilise
worldwide efforts to protect and promote the rights of all children, especially
the right to receive a free, meaningful education and to be free from economic
exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be harmful to the
child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development."
Global March Against Child Labour is a movement born
out of hope and the need felt by thousands of people across the globe - the
desire to set children free from servitude.
The Global March movement originated under the aegis of Mr. Kailash
Satyarthi with a worldwide march when thousands of people marched together to
jointly put forth the message against child labour. The march, which started on
January 17, 1998, touched every corner of the globe, built immense awareness
and led to high level of participation from the masses. This march finally
culminated at the ILO Conference in Geneva. The voice of the marchers was heard
and reflected in the draft of the ILO Convention against the worst forms of
child labour. The following year, the Convention was unanimously adopted at the
ILO Conference in Geneva. Today, with 172 countries having ratified the
convention so far, it has become the fastest ratified convention in the history
of ILO. A large Bachpan Bachao Andolan (BBA) founded by Mr.
Kailash Satyarthi is the ray of hope in millions of hearts, the first dream in
their eyes, and the first smile on their faces. It is the sky and wings
together for innumerable children, excluded from human identity and dignity,
with a desire to fly in freedom. It is the tears of joy of a mother who finds
her rescued child back in her lap after years of helplessness and hopelessness.
It is a battle to open the doors of opportunities, a fire for freedom and
education in the hearts and souls of thousands of youth committed to wipe out
the scourge of slavery and ignorance from the face of mankind.
Rugmark (brainchild of Mr. Kailash Satyarthi)
(now known as Goodweave) is an international consortium of independent bodies
from a dozen carpet exporting and importing countries, which take part in a
voluntary social labeling initiative to ensure that rugs have not been produced
with child labor.
The GoodWeave label is the best assurance that no child labor was used
in the making of your rug. In order to earn the GoodWeave label, rug exporters
and importers must be licensed under the GoodWeave certification program and
sign a legally binding contract to:
Adhere to the no-child-labor standard and not employ any person under
age 14 2.Allow unannounced random inspections by local inspectors 3.Endeavor to
pay fair wages to adult workers 4.Pay a licensing fee that helps support
GoodWeave’s monitoring, inspections and education programs To ensure
compliance, independent GoodWeave inspectors make unannounced inspections of
each loom. If inspectors find children working, they offer them the opportunity
to go to school instead, and the producers lose their status with GoodWeave. To
protect against counterfeit labeling, each label is numbered so its origin can
be traced to the loom on which the rug was produced.